This study explores the potential and opportunities for promoting regional cooperation in the health sector as an operational priority in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Strategy 2030. It specifically reviews the burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors, along with the progress and challenges in health systems development in the CAREC region. Based on the assessment, the study recommends strengthening regional health security; developing health systems through regional cooperation; and improving health services for migrants, mobile populations, and border communities.